MICE PROBLEMS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND MICE INVASION IN TIRHALA IN 1866

Mouse is a rodent vermin. This rodent family comprises many different species andit can be found everywhere in the world save for a few islands in the Pacific Ocean.They can also travel to other places in ships or trains. Mice can give birth 6-10times a year and each female mouse can give birth to 10-12 offsprings each time. Anewborn female mouse reaches sexual maturity to give birth within 3-4 months. Apair of mice reproducing regularly may reach a population of around 300 million inthree years. Mice are smart animals. They will hardly be fooled with the same tricktwice consecutively. Naturally the first group of mice eating poisonous bait will diebut no other mice will eat that bait for a long period of time. Mouse species which iscommonly referred to as rat is highly predatory. It is this species which spreads theplague by carrying fleas in their hair. Thus it can be said that rats were equallyresponsible for mass human deaths as wars throughout the history. This and othersimilar problems caused by mice were experienced within the boundaries of theOttoman Empire from time to time, causing numerous villages to be wiped off themap and various others to incur damages. In addition to spreading the plague, micehave also damaged military ammunition, cultivated land, and official documents ofthe Ottoman Empire. Mice have caused food shortage and consequently priceincreases in various regions by damaging crops. The Ottoman Empire was forced totake various measures to prevent the damage caused by mice. These measuresinclude but are not limited to special herbal liquids, importing pesticides fromabroad, mouse traps and poison

Comparison of 3D Versus 4D Path Planning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This research compares 3D versus 4D (three spatial dimensions and the time dimension) multi-objective and multi-criteria path-planning for unmanned aerial vehicles in complex dynamic environments. In this study, we empirically analyse the performances of 3D and 4D path planning approaches. Using the empirical data, we show that the 4D approach is superior over the 3D approach especially in complex dynamic environments. The research model consisting of flight objectives and criteria is developed based on interviews with an experienced military UAV pilot and mission planner to establish realism and relevancy in  unmanned aerial vehicle flight planning. Furthermore, this study incorporates one of the most comprehensive set of criteria identified during our literature search. The simulation results clearly show that the 4D path planning approach is able to provide solutions in complex dynamic environments in which the 3D approach could not find a solution

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Domain: Areas of Research

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) domain has seen rapid developments in recent years. As the number of UAVs increases and as the missions involving UAVs vary, new research issues surface. An overview of the existing research areas in the UAV domain has been presented including the nature of the work categorised under different groups. These research areas are divided into two main streams: Technological and operational research areas. The research areas in technology are divided into onboard and ground technologies. The research areas in operations are divided into organization level, brigade level, user level, standards and certifications, regulations and legal, moral, and ethical issues. This overview is intended to serve as a starting point for fellow researchers new to the domain, to help researchers in positioning their research, identifying related research areas, and focusing on the right issues.Defence Science Journal, Vol. 65, No. 4, July 2015, pp. 319-329, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.65.863

Modal identification of a reduced-scale masonry arch bridge with experimental measurements and finite element method

This study aims to investigate modal parameters such as mode shapes, natural frequencies and damping ratios of a reduced scale one-span historical masonry arch bridge constructed in laboratory conditions by performing numerical and experimental analysis. Sarp Dere historical masonry bridge, in Ordu, Ulubey, has 15.5m in length and 4.75m in width was chosen as a prototype model. The reduced-scale bridge model and structural details were carried out in the scale of 1:12.5. Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) technique was used for experimental study. The experimental modal parameters of the bridge model were figured out by using Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD). ANSYS software was used to create 3D finite element (FE) model and to expose the analytical modal parameters of the reduced-scaled bridge model. Moreover, FE model of the reduced-scale bridge model was calibrated based on the experimental results by using the Response Surface based FE model calibration technique to obtain more accurate results. The analysis results of experimental, initial and calibrated FE model were compared. It is noted that there are significant differences between the modal parameters obtained from experimental and initial FE model. Model calibration techniques are beneficial to get a more reasonable FE model

Neogene Uplift and Magmatism of Anatolia: Insights from Drainage Analysis and Basaltic Geochemistry

It is generally agreed that mantle dynamics have played a significant role in generating and maintaining the elevated topography of Anatolia during Neogene times. However, there is much debate about the relative importance of subduction zone and asthenospheric processes. Key issues concern onset and cause of regional uplift, thickness of the lithospheric plate, and the presence or absence of temperature and/or compositional anomalies within the convecting mantle. Here, we tackle these interlinked issues by analyzing and modeling two disparate suites of observations. First, a drainage inventory of 1,844 longitudinal river profiles is assembled. This geomorphic database is inverted to calculate the variation of Neogene regional uplift through time and space by minimizing the misfit between observed and calculated river profiles subject to independent calibration. Our results suggest that regional uplift commenced in the east at 20 Ma and propagated westward. Secondly, we have assembled a database of geochemical analyses of basaltic rocks. Two different approaches have been used to quantitatively model this database with a view to determining the depth and degree of asthenospheric melting across Anatolia. Our results suggest that melting occurs at depths as shallow as 60 km in the presence of mantle potential temperatures as high as 1400°C. There is evidence that potential temperatures are higher in the east, consistent with the pattern of sub-plate shear wave velocity anomalies. Our combined results are consistent with isostatic and admittance analyses and suggest that elevated asthenospheric temperatures beneath thinned Anatolian lithosphere have played a first order role in generating and maintaining regional dynamic topography and basaltic magmatism

Approaches for Measuring the Management Effectiveness of Software Projects

There are various studies reporting the success and failure rates of software projects [GA,CH,EL]. Even with the lowest failure rates reported, the software projects are significantly failing when compared to projects in other fields. In [SL], current project management issues in leading project-based industries are listed. Among nine industries, in only software industry column, overruns and poor performance is explicitly listed as an issue among others. The average software project is likely to be six to 12 months behind schedule and 50 to 100 percent over budget [YO]. One would expect that our record in software projects should have been much better with all the advancements in technical aspects of software engineering. However, we believe relying merely on technological advances would be misleading. We also need significant advances in software project management field to achieve better results in software projects. Therefore, proposals and discussions for applicable and viable theories, models, tools and practices in software project management are important steps in achieving better project outcomes

Meeting Nonfunctional Requirements through Software Architecture: A Weapon System Example

Meeting nonfunctional requirements is as important as meeting functional requirements. A well-designed software system architecture helps to ensure that the necessary quality attributes of the system are satisfied. The goal of this paper is to show how a system’s software architecture can be designed to achieve its nonfunctional requirements. The development process is explained using a weapon system example named Mine Neutralization System for navy mine hunting ships. Also, a novel aspect of this paper is the introduction of a new architectural style. The style is described via an example